Improved surveillance and monitoring

Oct 13, 2025 by vinooalluri.com 20 views

Primary Resistance Pattern in Patients with Pulmonary TB Category I in H. Adam Malik Medan Hospital

Discussion Category: Master Theses, Education, Journal, Thesis, University, Student, Campus

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem worldwide, with a high burden of disease in many countries, including Indonesia. The Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program (TB) has been implemented to control and prevent the spread of TB. However, resistance cases are a serious problem in the TB program, and primary resistance found in TB patients is often used to evaluate new transmissions or infections caused by resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, it is essential to investigate how much the level and pattern of existing primary resistance.

Background

Resistance cases are a significant problem in the TB program worldwide. Primary resistance found in TB patients is often used to evaluate new transmissions or infections caused by resistant bacterial strains. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that the global TB epidemic is becoming increasingly complex, with a growing number of cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). In Indonesia, TB is a significant public health problem, with a high burden of disease in many provinces, including North Sumatra.

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the proportion of primary resistance incidence in category I pulmonary TB patients at H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. The study aims to investigate the level and pattern of primary resistance in category I pulmonary TB patients and to identify the factors associated with primary resistance.

Method

This research is a descriptive study of retrospective latitude. Data was taken from the patient's medical record during the period of October 2010 to July 2011. The research subjects were patients who did not have a history of treatment with antituberculosis drugs or who had taken drugs less than one month. The study was conducted with a direct stain examination of phlegm, culture, and sensitivity test before the patient received treatment with antituberculosis drugs. In addition, demographic data, main complaints, history of the use of antituberculosis drugs, as well as chest X-ray radiological data is also collected.

Results

Of the 85 research subjects, 35 subjects found (41.18%) have primary resistance. Primary mono-drug resistance was recorded in 18 subjects (21.18%), with the highest resistance to streptomycin (S) drugs as many as 10 subjects (11.76%). Meanwhile, the incidence of primary poly-drug resistance was recorded in 13 subjects (15.27%), with the most combinations of Streptomycin and Ethambutol (SE) totaling 4 subjects (4.70%). Primary resistance to MDR-TB occurs in 4 research subjects (4.71%).

Conclusion

High primary resistance rates in category I pulmonary TB patients at H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia, showed an urgent need to increase alertness and efforts in handling primary resistance. This is important to prevent the spread of resistant bacterial strains and to ensure the effectiveness of TB treatment in the future.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:

Improved surveillance and monitoring: Improved surveillance and monitoring of TB cases, including primary resistance, are essential to identify and manage cases of primary resistance.
Strengthened treatment regimens: Strengthened treatment regimens, including the use of second-line drugs, are necessary to treat cases of primary resistance.
Public education: Public education on TB treatment and the importance of compliance with treatment regimens is essential to reduce future resistance rates.
Improved access to health services: Improved access to health services and medicines is necessary to ensure that patients receive the right treatment.
Training for medical personnel: Training for medical personnel on the diagnosis and treatment of TB, including primary resistance, is essential to ensure that healthcare workers are equipped to manage cases of primary resistance.

Additional Analysis and Explanation

The high rate of primary resistance in category I pulmonary TB patients in H. Adam Malik Hospital is an important indicator in evaluating disease control. Resistance to streptomycin, which is one of the main drugs of TB, shows that efforts to prevent and treatment need to be strengthened. Patients detected have resistance, especially against drug combinations, can worsen TB epidemiological situations in the area.

It is essential for health workers to be more vigilant and do initial screening of patients with high risk to be exposed to resistant TB. The use of fast tests to detect resistance can be an effective first step in the treatment strategy. In addition, education to the public regarding TB treatment and the importance of compliance with treatment regimens is also needed to reduce future resistance rates.

Another challenge that needs to be faced is the lack of access to health services and medicines in some areas, which can cause patients not to get the right treatment. Therefore, improving health infrastructure and training for medical personnel is also an aspect that is no less important in handling TB cases with high resistance.

Keywords

Primary mono-drug resistance, primary poly-drug resistance, primary MDR-TB

Limitations of the Study

This study has several limitations, including:

Small sample size: The sample size of this study is relatively small, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.
Retrospective design: The study has a retrospective design, which may introduce bias in the data collection and analysis.
Limited data: The study only collected data on primary resistance, which may not be representative of the overall TB situation in the area.

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on:

Investigating the factors associated with primary resistance: Further research is needed to investigate the factors associated with primary resistance, including demographic, clinical, and environmental factors.
Developing effective treatment strategies: Effective treatment strategies, including the use of second-line drugs, need to be developed to manage cases of primary resistance.
Improving access to health services: Improving access to health services and medicines is essential to ensure that patients receive the right treatment.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study found a high rate of primary resistance in category I pulmonary TB patients at H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. The findings of this study highlight the urgent need to increase alertness and efforts in handling primary resistance. Improved surveillance and monitoring, strengthened treatment regimens, public education, improved access to health services, and training for medical personnel are essential to manage cases of primary resistance and prevent the spread of resistant bacterial strains.
Q&A: Primary Resistance Pattern in Patients with Pulmonary TB Category I in H. Adam Malik Medan Hospital

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem worldwide, with a high burden of disease in many countries, including Indonesia. The Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program (TB) has been implemented to control and prevent the spread of TB. However, resistance cases are a serious problem in the TB program, and primary resistance found in TB patients is often used to evaluate new transmissions or infections caused by resistant bacterial strains. In this Q&A article, we will answer some of the most frequently asked questions about primary resistance pattern in patients with pulmonary TB category I in H. Adam Malik Medan Hospital.

Q: What is primary resistance in TB?

A: Primary resistance in TB refers to the presence of resistant bacterial strains in patients who have never been treated with antituberculosis drugs before.

Q: What is the significance of primary resistance in TB?

A: Primary resistance is a significant problem in the TB program because it can lead to the spread of resistant bacterial strains, making it difficult to treat TB patients.

Q: What are the common causes of primary resistance in TB?

A: The common causes of primary resistance in TB include:

Inadequate treatment regimens
Poor adherence to treatment
Inadequate monitoring and surveillance
Lack of access to health services and medicines

Q: What are the symptoms of primary resistance in TB?

A: The symptoms of primary resistance in TB are similar to those of TB, including:

Coughing
Chest pain
Fatigue
Weight loss
Night sweats

Q: How is primary resistance in TB diagnosed?

A: Primary resistance in TB is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, including:

Chest X-ray
Sputum smear microscopy
Culture and sensitivity testing
GeneXpert MTB/RIF test

Q: What are the treatment options for primary resistance in TB?

A: The treatment options for primary resistance in TB include:

Second-line antituberculosis drugs
Combination therapy
Intensive treatment regimens
Monitoring and surveillance

Q: Can primary resistance in TB be prevented?

A: Yes, primary resistance in TB can be prevented through:

Improved treatment regimens
Enhanced monitoring and surveillance
Public education and awareness
Improved access to health services and medicines

Q: What are the challenges in managing primary resistance in TB?

A: The challenges in managing primary resistance in TB include:

Limited access to health services and medicines
Inadequate training for healthcare workers
Limited resources and funding
Stigma and social barriers

Q: What is the role of healthcare workers in managing primary resistance in TB?

A: Healthcare workers play a critical role in managing primary resistance in TB, including:

Providing accurate diagnosis and treatment
Monitoring and surveillance
Public education and awareness
Advocating for improved access to health services and medicines

Conclusion

In conclusion, primary resistance in TB is a significant problem that requires attention and action from healthcare workers, policymakers, and the community. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and challenges in managing primary resistance in TB, we can work together to prevent the spread of resistant bacterial strains and ensure effective treatment for TB patients.