Further research on entomopathogenic fungi

Oct 13, 2025 by vinooalluri.com 52 views

The Effectiveness of Three Types of Local Isolate Entomopathogens Against the Development of Soybean Viridula L. Soybean Suction Pests (Hemiptera: Pentathomidae)

Introduction

The cultivation of soybean plants is a significant agricultural activity worldwide, providing a vital source of protein for human consumption and animal feed. However, the growth of soybean plants is often threatened by various pests, including the Nezara Viridula L. insect (Hemiptera: Pentanomidae). This pest is notorious for its ability to suck the pods of soybean plants, leading to a significant reduction in soybean production. In this context, the use of entomopathogenic fungi as a natural and effective biological agent has gained attention as an alternative solution to control this pest.

The Importance of Entomopathogenic Fungi

Entomopathogenic fungi are a group of microorganisms that can infect and kill insects, including the Nezara Viridula L. insect. These fungi can function as effective biological agents, capable of infecting insects from the egg to adulthood (imago). The use of entomopathogenic fungi offers several advantages over traditional chemical pesticides, including reduced environmental impact, lower toxicity to humans and other non-target organisms, and the potential for long-term pest control.

Research Methods

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of three types of local entomopathogenic fungi isolates against the Nezara Viridula L. soybean pod suction pest. The research was conducted in the laboratory of plant and house disease of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra. The research process was divided into two stages. The first stage was carried out in the laboratory to determine the best local entomopathogenic isolate using a complete random design (RAL) with three replications. The second stage was carried out at Kasa's house to test the effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi with nine replications, using a complete non-factorial random design for the best evaluation of the nymphs N. Viridula.

Research Results

The results of the laboratory research showed that three types of entomopathogenic fungi, namely Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, and Beauveria spp, have the ability to infect N. viridula eggs. From the results of screening in vitro, the fungus Aspergillus spp showed the highest effectiveness with a concentration of 1 x 10^8, which can significantly increase the mortality of Imago N. Viridula.

In the second stage, which was carried out at the gauze house, no significant difference was found between the density of the Aspergillus SPP spores on the mortality of Imago N. viridula and the production of soybean seed weight. However, this treatment showed a significant difference when compared to the control treatment, which indicates that the use of this entomopathogen fungus can make a positive contribution in pest control.

Additional Analysis and Explanation

The effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent in controlling the N. viridula population is very relevant given the negative impacts caused by this pest on agricultural output. By utilizing entomopathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus spp, farmers can reduce dependence on chemical pesticides that often have a negative impact on the environment and human health.

In addition, the use of this fungus can also be part of a more sustainable Integrated Pest Management Strategy (IPM). Pest management based on the use of natural enemies can increase the balance of agricultural ecosystems and encourage more environmentally friendly agricultural practices.

Future Research Directions

In the future, further research is needed to explore further about the mechanism of entomopathogenic fungal infection against N. viridula, including genetic and biochemical analysis. In addition, broader research with various species of fungus and different environmental conditions can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the potential and effectiveness of these biological agents in controlling agricultural pests.

Conclusion

The results of this study not only contribute to the development of science in agriculture but also provide practical guidelines for farmers in managing soybean pests effectively and sustainably. The use of entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent offers a promising solution to control the Nezara Viridula L. soybean pod suction pest, reducing dependence on chemical pesticides and promoting more environmentally friendly agricultural practices.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:

Further research on entomopathogenic fungi: Further research is needed to explore the mechanism of entomopathogenic fungal infection against N. viridula, including genetic and biochemical analysis.
Broader research on various species of fungus: Broader research with various species of fungus and different environmental conditions can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the potential and effectiveness of these biological agents in controlling agricultural pests.
Development of IPM strategies: The use of entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent can be part of a more sustainable IPM strategy, increasing the balance of agricultural ecosystems and encouraging more environmentally friendly agricultural practices.

Limitations of the Study

This study has several limitations, including:

Limited scope: The study was limited to three types of local entomopathogenic fungi isolates and one species of insect (N. viridula).
Laboratory-based research: The study was conducted in a laboratory setting, which may not reflect the real-world conditions of agricultural ecosystems.
Limited sample size: The study had a limited sample size, which may not be representative of the larger population of N. viridula.

Future Directions

Future research should aim to address these limitations and explore the potential of entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent in controlling agricultural pests. This can include:

Field-based research: Conducting field-based research to evaluate the effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi in real-world conditions.
Broader research on various species of fungus: Conducting broader research with various species of fungus and different environmental conditions to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the potential and effectiveness of these biological agents.
Development of IPM strategies: Developing IPM strategies that incorporate the use of entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent to promote more environmentally friendly agricultural practices.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Entomopathogenic Fungi and Soybean Pests

Q: What are entomopathogenic fungi?

A: Entomopathogenic fungi are a group of microorganisms that can infect and kill insects, including the Nezara Viridula L. insect. These fungi can function as effective biological agents, capable of infecting insects from the egg to adulthood (imago).

Q: How do entomopathogenic fungi work?

A: Entomopathogenic fungi work by infecting the insect's body, eventually killing it. The fungus can infect the insect through various means, including ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact with the fungal spores.

Q: What are the benefits of using entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent?

A: The benefits of using entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent include:

Reduced environmental impact
Lower toxicity to humans and other non-target organisms
Potential for long-term pest control
Reduced dependence on chemical pesticides

Q: Can entomopathogenic fungi be used to control other types of pests?

A: Yes, entomopathogenic fungi can be used to control other types of pests, including insects, mites, and other arthropods. However, the effectiveness of these fungi may vary depending on the specific pest and the environmental conditions.

Q: How can entomopathogenic fungi be used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies?

A: Entomopathogenic fungi can be used as part of an IPM strategy to control pests in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way. This can include using the fungi in combination with other biological agents, such as predators or parasites, to control pest populations.

Q: What are the limitations of using entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent?

A: The limitations of using entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent include:

Limited availability of effective fungal strains
Limited understanding of the mechanisms of fungal infection
Potential for fungal resistance to develop in pest populations
Limited scalability of fungal production

Q: How can entomopathogenic fungi be produced and applied in the field?

A: Entomopathogenic fungi can be produced and applied in the field through various means, including:

Laboratory-based production of fungal spores
Field-based production of fungal spores using specialized equipment
Application of fungal spores using various methods, including spraying, dusting, or baiting

Q: What are the future directions for research on entomopathogenic fungi?

A: Future research directions for entomopathogenic fungi include:

Further investigation of the mechanisms of fungal infection
Development of new fungal strains with improved efficacy and specificity
Exploration of the potential of fungal-based biopesticides for use in IPM strategies
Development of more efficient and cost-effective methods for producing and applying fungal spores.

Q: How can farmers and agricultural professionals use entomopathogenic fungi in their pest management strategies?

A: Farmers and agricultural professionals can use entomopathogenic fungi in their pest management strategies by:

Consulting with experts in entomopathogenic fungi to determine the best fungal strain and application method for their specific pest and environmental conditions
Using fungal-based biopesticides as part of an IPM strategy to control pests in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way
Monitoring pest populations and adjusting their pest management strategies as needed to ensure the effectiveness of the fungal-based biopesticide.

Q: What are the potential risks and benefits of using entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent?

A: The potential risks and benefits of using entomopathogenic fungi as a biological agent include:

Reduced environmental impact and lower toxicity to humans and other non-target organisms
Potential for long-term pest control and reduced dependence on chemical pesticides
Limited availability of effective fungal strains and potential for fungal resistance to develop in pest populations
Potential for fungal-based biopesticides to be used as a tool for pest management in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way.