Characteristics of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Inpatient Complications at Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan in 2016

Oct 13, 2025 by vinooalluri.com 121 views

Characteristics of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Inpatient Complications at Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan in 2016

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 with complications is a significant public health problem worldwide. According to the data, the prevalence of DM with complications reached 1.8%, and the proportion of DM patients with complications in North Sumatra was recorded at 2.3% in 2013. This study aims to understand the characteristics of patients with type 2 DM with complications treated at Hospital St. Elisabeth Medan during 2016.

Background

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin secretion. The disease is a major risk factor for various complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage. In Indonesia, the prevalence of DM is increasing rapidly, and the proportion of DM patients with complications is also rising. Therefore, it is essential to understand the characteristics of patients with type 2 DM with complications to develop effective treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.

Methodology

This research uses a descriptive research design with a case series approach. The population analyzed included all data on patients with type 2 DM with complications that were hospitalized in 2016 as many as 287 data, and of this number was taken a sample of 167 data using the simple random sampling technique. The data collected is secondary data which is then analyzed using the Chi-Square and T-Test tests.

Main Research Findings

The results showed that the highest proportion of patients with type 2 DM with complications was in the age group 46-55 years (32.3%). In addition, most sufferers are women (59.9%) and aged over 45 years (93.4%), with Batak ethnicity (89.8%) and the majority of Protestant Christians (67.1%). In terms of work, 50.3% of them do not work, retirees, or housewives, and 55.1% live in Medan.

In terms of health, the most common symptoms experienced by patients are weakness, nausea, and vomiting (79%), and hypertension (37.1%). Most patients (88.6%) experience chronic complications. The results of examination of HBA1C levels show 94.9% of patients have abnormal results, with blood glucose levels ranging from 200-399 mg/DL (56.9%). Most patients (88%) continue outpatient treatment, and 51.5% of patients use BPJS as a source of medical expenses, with an average duration of treatment for 5 days.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis shows that there are no significant differences based on age (p = 0.363), sex (p = 0.085), type of treatment (p = 0.217), and the category of complications based on the state when returning (p = 1.00). However, there are significant differences in the type of treatment based on HBA1C levels (p = 0.017).

Recommendation

Based on the results of this study, it is highly recommended to the Hospital St. Elisabeth Medan to routinely examine HBA1C levels in all patients with type 2 DM. This examination is very important to ensure that patients with complications can effectively control their blood sugar levels.

People with type 2 diabetes who have uncontrolled HBA1C levels are advised to improve their lifestyle, which includes consumption of healthy foods, exercising regularly, and taking drugs according to doctor's recommendations. In addition, examination of HBA1C levels should be done routinely every three months to evaluate the success of treatment. Priority in insulin treatment also needs to be applied to prevent more serious complications, followed by an examination of routine blood glucose levels.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study provides valuable information on the characteristics of patients with type 2 DM with complications treated at Hospital St. Elisabeth Medan in 2016. The results of this study highlight the importance of routine examination of HBA1C levels in patients with type 2 DM to ensure effective control of blood sugar levels. Furthermore, patients with uncontrolled HBA1C levels are advised to improve their lifestyle and undergo regular examination of HBA1C levels to evaluate the success of treatment.

Limitation

This study has several limitations. Firstly, the sample size is relatively small, which may limit the generalizability of the results. Secondly, the study only includes patients with type 2 DM with complications who were hospitalized in 2016, which may not represent the broader population of patients with type 2 DM.

Future Research

Future research should aim to investigate the long-term outcomes of patients with type 2 DM with complications who undergo routine examination of HBA1C levels. Additionally, studies should be conducted to investigate the effectiveness of lifestyle modification and insulin treatment in patients with uncontrolled HBA1C levels.

References

[List of references cited in the study]

Appendix

[Appendix includes additional tables and figures that support the results of the study]

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus type 2 with complications is a significant public health problem worldwide. This study aims to understand the characteristics of patients with type 2 DM with complications treated at Hospital St. Elisabeth Medan during 2016. The results showed that the highest proportion of patients with type 2 DM with complications was in the age group 46-55 years (32.3%). In addition, most sufferers are women (59.9%) and aged over 45 years (93.4%), with Batak ethnicity (89.8%) and the majority of Protestant Christians (67.1%). The study recommends that Hospital St. Elisabeth Medan should routinely examine HBA1C levels in all patients with type 2 DM to ensure effective control of blood sugar levels.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Inpatient Complications

Q: What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin secretion. It is a major risk factor for various complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage.

Q: What are the common symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A: The most common symptoms of T2DM include weakness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as hypertension. Other symptoms may include blurred vision, fatigue, and increased thirst and urination.

Q: What is HBA1C and why is it important?

A: HBA1C is a blood test that measures the average level of glucose in the blood over the past 2-3 months. It is an important indicator of blood sugar control and is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes. A high HBA1C level indicates poor blood sugar control and increases the risk of complications.

Q: What are the risk factors for developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A: The risk factors for developing T2DM include:

Family history of diabetes
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Age (over 45 years)
Ethnicity (e.g., African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian)
History of gestational diabetes or delivering a baby over 9 pounds
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Certain medications (e.g., steroids, certain psychiatric medications)

Q: What are the complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A: The complications of T2DM include:

Cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart attack, stroke)
Kidney disease (e.g., nephropathy)
Nerve damage (e.g., neuropathy)
Blindness (e.g., retinopathy)
Foot damage (e.g., ulcers, amputation)
Cognitive impairment (e.g., dementia)

Q: How can I prevent or manage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A: To prevent or manage T2DM, you should:

Maintain a healthy weight
Engage in regular physical activity (e.g., walking, swimming, cycling)
Follow a healthy diet (e.g., Mediterranean diet)
Monitor your blood sugar levels regularly
Take medications as prescribed by your healthcare provider
Get regular check-ups with your healthcare provider

Q: What is the role of lifestyle modification in managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A: Lifestyle modification is a crucial component of managing T2DM. It includes:

Eating a healthy diet (e.g., Mediterranean diet)
Engaging in regular physical activity (e.g., walking, swimming, cycling)
Maintaining a healthy weight
Getting enough sleep (e.g., 7-8 hours per night)
Managing stress (e.g., through meditation, yoga)

Q: What is the role of insulin treatment in managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A: Insulin treatment is an important component of managing T2DM, especially for patients with uncontrolled blood sugar levels. It involves taking insulin injections to help regulate blood sugar levels.

Q: How can I get support for managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A: You can get support for managing T2DM by:

Talking to your healthcare provider about your concerns and questions
Joining a support group (e.g., American Diabetes Association)
Connecting with online communities (e.g., diabetes forums)
Working with a registered dietitian or certified diabetes educator

Q: What are the next steps for patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A: For patients with T2DM, the next steps include:

Monitoring blood sugar levels regularly
Taking medications as prescribed by your healthcare provider
Engaging in regular physical activity (e.g., walking, swimming, cycling)
Eating a healthy diet (e.g., Mediterranean diet)
Getting regular check-ups with your healthcare provider

Q: What are the future directions for research on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A: Future research on T2DM should focus on:

Developing new treatments for T2DM (e.g., novel medications, devices)
Improving the management of T2DM (e.g., through lifestyle modification, insulin treatment)
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of T2DM (e.g., genetics, epigenetics)
Developing new diagnostic tools for T2DM (e.g., biomarkers, imaging techniques)